Surgeons frequently obtain preoperative informed consent from LEP patients using ad-hoc interpreters or their own limited language skills rather than professional interpreters

Surgeons frequently obtain preoperative informed consent from LEP patients using ad-hoc interpreters (bilingual staff, adult family members, or minors) or their own limited non-English language skills rather than professional interpreters, and lean further on these ad-hoc alternatives when a professional interpreter is not available in a timely manner.