The elevated emergency-surgery risk with non-English primary language is concentrated among non-Spanish-speaking patients

The association between non-English primary language and higher odds of emergency (versus elective) surgery for diverticulitis is not uniform across language groups: it is concentrated among patients whose primary language is neither English nor Spanish (non-Spanish NEPL), while Spanish-speaking patients show no significant elevation — plausibly because more language services and system-navigation support are available for Spanish than for less-common languages.